Lives On The Boundary

Lives on the Boundary is a nonfiction book by Mike Rose, Professor of Social Research Methodology in the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies. The book tackles the problem of how low-performing students get left behind by the American education system. Originally published in 1989, Rose combines memoir, academic analysis, and social treatise to expose the failings of the current educational system and challenge the stereotypes that label remedial learners as incapable, unintelligent, and lazy. Rose is passionate about the plight of these marginalized students because he was once labeled vocational, or remedial, himself. That is where Rose decides to start his argument, which unfolds in parallel with Rose’s own life story. He weaves together his autobiography, anecdotes and stories about his students, and academic analysis to create a book that argues for education reform that removes—rather than reinforces—barriers to educational access.

The book opens on Rose as a young boy. The child of Italian immigrant parents, Rose grows up in the South Vermont neighborhood of South Los Angeles. His mother works at a café to support the family because his father’s failing health leaves him unable to work. As a child, Rose is curious. He loves his experimental play set and loves reading science fiction novels. But his grades are only average, and when his high school placement test gets mixed up with another student’s, he ends up in vocational education classes for remedial students. Rose spends two years in remedial classes before a teacher realizes the error, but the consequences are dire: Rose has large gaps in his knowledge that leave him struggling to keep up. Luckily, Rose’s English teacher, Jack MacFarland, sees Rose’s potential and helps him get into Loyola Marymount University as a provisional student who must keep his grades up to stay enrolled. Rose’s time in vocational education haunts him, and he nearly fails out of his first year in college. Only MacFarland’s intervention keeps him enrolled.

Once Rose starts getting one-on-one tutoring at Loyola, his grades begin improving. He credits four professors with his success: Dr. Frank Carothers, Don Johnson, Dr. Ted Erlandson, and Father Clint Albertson. Together, these men help fill in the gaps in Rose’s knowledge, teach him how to read and think critically, help him write, and show him the value of knowledge. Rose receives the “best sort of liberal education,” and his grades earn him a fellowship to UCLA’s graduate program to study English (58). Rose soon realizes that graduate school is not for him; he succeeds at UCLA, but remains unhappy. He even tries taking a leave of absence from his fellowship to study psychology, but ultimately resigns his fellowship to join the Teacher Corps, an organization that sends teachers into underprivileged schools.

Rose gets assigned to El Monte, California, a poor neighborhood that strikes Rose as a more diverse version of South Vermont. Rose and his fellow interns split their time between two El Monte elementary schools and coursework at USC. Rose joins reading specialist Rosalie Naumann’s classroom; she has him meet with fifteen of the school’s worst readers once a week. Many of these students have tested as borderline special needs, so Rose is unprepared when he realizes that many of the students suffer from a lack of confidence, not a lack of intelligence. As he guides his students through the curriculum, Rose sees how the socioeconomic issues his students experience outside of school directly affect their ability to learn in the classroom. This is true for the English as a Second Language learners he teaches in the community, and Rose starts to see “remedial” education as something that profoundly harms students “who are already behind the economic and political eight ball” (127). The stories Rose shares about his students show that they are smart and capable, even if the system labels them otherwise.

Once his time in the Teacher Corps ends, Rose joins the Veteran’s Program, which helps military veterans transition from service into the college classroom. What Rose finds are the grown-up versions of his El Monte students; the veterans are mostly former vocational learners who were lost in the system once before. Rose works to build his students’ confidence and help them see themselves as capable, intelligent people. But the veterans also struggle emotionally, and on many days Rose is more of a social worker than a teacher.

When Rose’s old boss contacts him about a job running UCLA’s Tutorial Center, Rose leaves the Veteran’s Program and returns to the school he had left just a few years before. The Tutorial Center at UCLA is a part of the university’s Educational Opportunities Programs, or EOP. These programs help at-risk students by providing additional support, but what Rose soon realizes is most of the students who visit the center have never thought of themselves as struggling or remedial. This does not mean, however, that they are less marginal than the veterans or the El Monte elementary schoolers; they are equally affected by the same social circumstances like “class, race, and gender” (177). But perhaps more shocking to Rose—who has only been in the classroom, never an administrator—are the politics of remediation. The university has as bold a division between normal and remedial students as El Monte, and the boundary is reinforced by an intellectual class system that does little to help remedial students gain access.

Lives on the Boundary pivots here: though Rose still emphasizes his points with anecdotes about his students, his argument turns toward identifying the problems inherent in the system. He specifically addresses two central issues: an overreliance on standardized testing, and the unwillingness to accommodate the outside socioeconomic factors that affect students’ ability to learn. Rose says testing is a way for schools to reduce their students down to numbers and sort them accordingly, and it often serves as justification for shoving underperforming students to the side. But Rose shows readers time and again that a test score fails to reveal remedial students’ true ability, and by focusing on what students cannot do, the system loses sight of their “naturally occurring competence” (216). Rose also argues that until schools work to understand, accommodate, and address outside stressors like poverty and social instability, remedial students will continue to struggle. Rose concludes his argument on a hopeful note as he pushes for educational reform.

Rose challenges his own hopeful tone in the Afterword, which he writes nearly two decades after the original publication of Lives on the Boundary. His 2005 addendum updates Rose’s original conclusions and speaks about how the education system has changed in the preceding decades. What Rose finds is a system that has further stratified education; he writes that a doubling-down on standardized testing is “widening [the] education gap” (249). He also believes education has become much more competitive, too. Those with means invest in their students' education beyond the normal school day, and knowledge has transitioned from a means of empowerment to a “token to be redeemed for advancement” (251). Ultimately, Rose sees a perfect storm on the horizon for working-class students that limits access to resources while raising the cost and competitiveness of education. Despite these changes, Rose still believes the solution to the problem lies in humanizing education once again. By focusing on individualized instruction and creating equal access to education, Rose believes America will become a “knowledgeable,” equal, and “good society” (254).